Eveline Analysis Free Essays

Ashley Carey ENC 1102 MW 12:30- 1:45 8/29/12 After reading â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce I would say I was not overall shocked with the outcome of her not leaving. Throughout the story I could tell that Eveline was unsure of herself and of what she wanted. She couldn’t decide between running away to Buenos Aires with her lover, Frank or staying to make sure her family is looked after. We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now I felt that her age is a significant factor of her choice of staying in Dublin. She didn’t understand herself enough because she didn’t experience life to see how she deals with difficult life changing situations. I felt like her choice shows herself to the audience. She could have chosen to go with Frank and come off to some readers as â€Å"following her heart†, maybe â€Å"selfish†, â€Å"thinking about her future and what she desires in life and in her heart†, â€Å"not caring for her family†. I personally feel like her decision to stay was a more â€Å"comfortable† decision for her and she wasn’t taking risks and was thinking about the love for her family and siblings and not wanting them to get hurt in anyway. If her mother hadn’t told her before she died to keep the home together as long as she could, I felt that Eveline would have ran away with Frank not feeling guilty when she left; That she didn’t do the one thing that her mother asked of her before her death. How to cite Eveline Analysis, Essay examples

Company Performance

Question: Consider a publicly listed company whose business performance has been criticised publicly and, using its annual report, reference documents about the company (e.g. analysts reports, in-depth interviews and articles, documents on companys website) and write a report about its governance protocols and practices. (This could include independence of directors, length of tenure of directors, other responsibilities of directors, etc.). Answer: Introduction This assignment is based on the subject area of corporate governance in the organization. During the assignment, the main focus is on the Noble Group and its corporate governance protocols and practices. The assignment covers the case study of Noble Group, which states about the scandal done by the higher authority of the company. This particular assignment follows a particular and systematic structure. In the beginning of the assignment, a short description of the background of the company is given and after that, the discussion is made on the criteria based on which the corporate governance of the company will be criticized. Next the critical review of the organizations governance is discussed and then the recommendations are provided for the future development of the companys corporate governance. At the end of the study a summarized conclusion is given based on the findings of the assignment. Brief description of the organization Noble Group is a Hong Kong based supply chain Management Company, which was founded in the year of 1986. Presently, the company is operating its business in more than 60 locations in Hong Kong and other countries. The core business strategy of the company is to provide the best service related to the movement of the physical commodities from the producer or manufacturers to the end customers and at the same time management of the operational and market risks (Aoki, 2013). The main strength of the company is the relationship with the customers and the producers of the products. However, in recent past, the company has faced an obligation of doing a scandal in which it has been obtained that the company has overstated its assets by billions of dollars. Due to this scandal, the company lost its rating in investment grade. An outline of the bases of criteria It has been stated above that the company Noble Group made a scandal in which it had overstated its assets by billions of dollars. This type of scandal of the company indicates that the corporate governance of the company was weak or in the other words it can be said that there were some faults in the corporate governance of the company. However, during study the corporate governance of the company that is Noble Group is critically analyzed on the basis of the three criteria and those are fair disclosure of the financial results, directors responsibilities and the accounting standards (Bhaduri and Selarka 2016). All of these three criteria are very important in order to determined whether the corporate governance of a company (here the Noble Group) is in proper structure or not and whether the corporate governance of the company is working properly or not. For example, the fair disclosure of the financial results of the company shows how much the corporate governance of the company is active in motivating the employees in fair disclosure to meet the transparence need of fair accounting. This also indicates the structural strength of the corporate governance of the company. On the other side, the directors responsibilities indicate how much the board of directors of the company is responsible towards their duties (Bhadur. and Selarka 2016). This helps to identify the actual flaws in the corporate governance structure of the company. In the same way, the accounting standard shows the extent to which the company has maintained the accounting rules and regulations provided by the regulatory body of the country or the regulatory body in the international market. Therefore, the critical analysis of the corporate governance of Noble Group based on these above-mentioned three criteria will provide the better result to understand the reasons behind the scandal (Bonnerjee and Ghosh 2014). Critical review of the organizations governance During the critical review of the controversies that the company created, some key concepts of corporate governance must be duly stressed on and studied. These key concepts help us to critically evaluate and compare in the lights of corporate governance and the Noble Group. The first concept that we study is fairness. According to this concept, the board of directors is obligated to treat their stakeholders fairly. This requires safeguarding the interests and stakes of the stakeholders. In the scandal that we study, we focus on overstating assets and other unfair practices. This definitely did not follow the first major concept. The next main concept that requires critical study of the corporate governance is independence. The board of directors is not advised to interfere in other areas of the organization. This was not the case with Noble Group as the board of directors was actively involved in different area of the companys operation as a mean to involve in fraudulent activities. The next concept of corporate governance is honesty. The board of directors is expected to discharge their duties in an honest way as they are responsible for managing and safeguarding the stakes of many stakeholders. The controversy of Noble Group depict the fact that the b oard of directors were involved in unfair and dishonest practices, which led to the controversy created by the company. The next concept that we refer to is integrity. This concept reflects on the fact that managers need to consider moral and ethical grounds before making any decision. This was not true and applicable in the case of Noble Group as they majorly involved in scrupulous and fraudulent practices that contravened every moral and ethical practices. Transparency is one of the key concepts of corporate governance. It can be seen that the board of directors are expected and obligated to make sure that the disclosure of material evidences are made in a timely and accurate way. The distortion and overstatement of assets by billions of dollars does not reflect the observance of this quality. Therefore, one can see that transparency was not at all present in the reporting standard and the financial statement of the company. The next concept that needs to be highlighted is accountability. The board of directors is accountable to the owners. Therefore, it needs to be seen that the controversy created by the board of directors is under the governance of the shareholders since they are directly accountable to shareholders (Bhadur. and Selarka 2016). The next concept that needs to be highlighted is the responsibility concept. This concept reflects on the fact that board of directors should ensure that the company works within the legal framework and legal aspects. However, on reviewing the case of Noble Group, we get to see that the company contravened accounting standards and guidelines and other legal rules during the scandal it created. The Iceberg research depicted the failure of the company to observe the accountability and responsibility principle and concept of corporate governance. It can be viewed that the Noble Group comprises of many stakeholders in the form of shareholders, bondholders, supplier and banks who had a lot of stake in the company. A lot of investment and money were tied up with the company. Therefore, they had a lot of questions to ask the company and they were in their rights to ask and the company was obliged to answer. Questions on the profitability of the company, cash receipt, fairness of the values of the assets and liabilities in the balance and so on were raised, which the company refused to answer during the period of controversy. One of the critical issues that were seen in the controversy created by Noble Group is the lack of fair disclosure of the annual report. The reports of Noble Group depict severe distortion and manipulation of the financial and the annual reports of the company. The reports represent and untrue representation of the companys state of affairs and operations. The company presented a positive cash flow but did not provide adequate disclosures, which could highlight the fair disclosures of the companys records. The positive cash flow statement did not provide information about the short hedges contribution to the cash generation despite the fall in prices of the commodities. This was an alarming sign when it came to disclosure policies and statements (Bonnerjee and Ghosh 2014). From the Iceberg report it was very evident that the company was heavily indulging in manipulation of accounting standards and exploiting accounting loopholes. This was one of the major loopholes that the company committed, which gave rise to the controversy. Yancoal is an Australian coal mine company. Noble Group listed the Yancoal as the associate of the company. The company depicted a carrying value of $678 million in its annual report in 2013 and depicted $614 after considering the losses and impairment of the company. The company only held 13% stake in the company (Hall 2015). It however, transpired that the market value of Yancoal was $11 million. This was a gap of almost $603 million between market value and carrying value. This highlighted 55% overstatement of the value of Yancoal, which was relating to the 13 % stake of the company. It was 7 times more than the market cap of Yancoal. This was relating to the 13% stake of the company in Yancoal. It was inferred that a company needed to hold more than 20% and less than 50% stake in a company to be termed as an associate (Salter 2015). Thus, Yancoal would be termed as a long term investment instead of an associate. Noble Group retaliated with a justification that Yancoal was an associate and not a long term investment. There were however no justification of this fact and it was determined that it was a tricky prospect that Noble Group manipulated with in order to distort the accounting standards and principles. The associate of Yancoal was Yanzou. It can be seen that the only reason that the company held Yancoal as an associate in the annual records and statement was to write off the $603m loss. It can be seen that a long term investment needs to record and maintain values as per fair values and the current market values. The accounting standards depict the fact that values of the associates are recorded at carrying value and historical cost and no thrust on market values is given. The current standards o f Accounting Standard Boards and International Financial Reporting Standards have underlined the different standards and accounting principles. The company misused and exploited loopholes in accounting treatments and manipulated with accounting standards and principles (Chen 2014). The company failed to observe appropriate disclosure policies and did not indulge in fair disclosure of annual reports and financial statements. It can be seen that the company recorded a $100m for loss of control of subsidiary. This profit was recorded in the operating income of the company. The non recurring profit of the company was also recorded in the operating income of the company. This fabrication of the information was also recorded because the cash generation and the profitability of the companys income were not conforming to the economic reality and were distorted figures. Therefore, one could see the companys failure to adopt fair accounting practices, the companys failure to adopt disclosure policies and fair disclosure of the financial statements and the inability of the Board Of directors to observe the principles of corporate governance (Chen 2014). The companys policy of creating fictitious associates was visible in the case of PT Atlas as well. The company held 10% share in the company and tagged the company as an associate in the annual reports. Before becoming an associate, PT Atlas was used as a trading against financial asset. Later on, the company became an associate for Noble Group. A profit was registered on re-measurement gain on interest of $25.5 m. This was against the accounting policies and standards and it inflated the annual statements and books of accounts for the company. Noble Group has been constantly indulging in avoiding impairment and manipulating gain with the creation of associates. The company has been criticized on the grounds of corporate governance policies of honesty and integrity. It can be viewed that the companys management has been involved in scandals and controversial episodes relating to the operation of the company. Agri, which became the associate of the company in 2014, was recovered through controversial methods of depreciation cuts etc. Thus, one can see the lack of responsibility and authority of the managers in maintaining honesty and integrity in their duties, which was a sign of lack of corporate governance existing within the company and scrupulous methods followed in the company (Aoki, 2013). The company follows the policy of recognizing the profit from the contracts on the day the contract signed. The auditors opinion explains the scope of how manipulation of the commodities contract price is manipulated and with the lack of disclosure policies observed by the company, the company does not shed enough light on the fair values of the commodities (Tricker 2015). The companys profit surged with a decline in the operating cash flow. On comparing the operating cash flow and the working capital, it can be seen that the company inflated the fair value by $3.8 billion and it signaled towards impairment of the fair value, which was critical to record a fair and true representation of the annual and financial statement of the company. The company failed to adopt appropriate disclosure policies of the company and also failed to implement fair disclosure of the financial statements and annual reports. The inflation of the profits and the valuation of the companys assets and commodities reflect manipulation and exploitation of the accounting standards and techniques. It reflects the manipulation and dishonest means adopted by the board of directors to escalate the profit and reflect an untrue image of the company (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). The operational activity was not reflecting the real image and did not depict a true image of the company. The net profit and the operational cash flow were a major report to the stakeholders and thus, the misrepresentation was a major fraudulent activity discharged to stakeholders (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). The company adopted the policy of rebuttals and retaliations towards critics and launched a series of rebuttal questions to the critics and decided to sue them. They were incapable to observe the transparency and the accountability principle of corporate governance. The company defended itself on the lines that they did not have much access to commodity prices in the market due to the fact that they were asset light and it led them to develop market to market on the assets and thus, it deprived the company of fair values. However, such defensive statements were rendered to be baseless (Tricker 2015). List of recommendations There should be a strong and independent group of board of directors that can take firm and critical decisions in an honest and correct way to overcome the loopholes and major errors committed by the former board of directors. The board of directors should be such that they can provide appropriate balance and diversity to the company and lend necessary knowledge and skills to the company. The company needs to adopt better disclosure policies and needs strong regulating body in terms of corporate governance to make sure that the company follows all the rules and regulations and the current accounting standards and policies of the International Financial Reporting standards are followed. This will lead the company into adopting appropriate disclosure policies and standards, which will result fair representation of annual and financial reports. The stakeholders management theory is required to be followed, which requires the company to keep the stakeholders satisfied and answer the questions of the stakeholders. The loopholes of accounting treatments and practices need to be followed and implemented. The fair value through market value and current value of the commodities and assets need to be followed. This will enhance the fairness of the annual report and will therefore, lead to fair and true representation. The non executive directors should handle challenges and assist in providing proposals to strategies. The performance of the management needs to be reviewed and assessed from time to time to audit the management activities. The annual remuneration report should depict the employee share scheme so that shareholders can assess the cost and benefit to the company. The transparency policy needs to be followed, which makes it obligatory of the company to discuss every information including the name of employees who family members of directors and CEO. Conclusion The report depicts the massive scandal and controversy created by the company. Nobel Group. The scandal depicts the indifferent schemes and manipulative tactics adopted by the company to overstate the assets. The report depicts the measures adopted by the company in escalating asset prices of associates. The report depicts the exploitation of accounting standards adopted by the company and also depicts the lack of honesty and integrity of the management. The companys failure to adopt appropriate and correct disclosure methods is another important feature in this report. Reference List Amini, S., Lei, L. and Toms, S., 2016. Accessing Capital Markets: Aristocrats and New Share Issues in the Cycle and Pneumatic Tyre Industries, 1892-1898.Available at SSRN 2769908. Aoki, M., 2013. Controlling insider control: issues of corporate governance in transition economies.Chapters. Bhaduri, S.N. and Selarka, E., 2016. Corporate Governance and Corporate Social ResponsibilityIntroduction. InCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies(pp. 1-10). Springer Singapore. Bhaduri, S.N. and Selarka, E., 2016. Corporate Governance: An Overview. InCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies(pp. 61-72). Springer Singapore. Bonnerjee, A. and Ghosh, S., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Protection.Development Advocate, Year,2. Chen, C., 2016. Solving the Puzzle of Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises: The Path of the Temasek Model in Singapore and Lessons for China.Nw. J. Int'l L. Bus.,36, p.303. Chen, C.C., 2014. Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises: an empirical survey of the model of Temasek Holdings in Singapore.Singapore Management University School of Law Research Paper, (6), pp.1-29. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Lecomte, P. and Ooi, J.T., 2013. Corporate governance and performance of externally managed Singapore REITs.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,46(4), pp.664-684. Lopez, E.V. and Medina, A., 2015. Influence of ethical behaviors in corporate governance.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,8(3), pp.586-611. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2015. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.Journal of Finance, forthcoming. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2015. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.Journal of Finance, forthcoming. Salter, A.W., 2015. Hall (2015), Calculating Bandits: Quasi-Corporate Governance and Institutional Selection in Autocracies.New Thinking in Austrian Political Economy (Advances in Austrian Economics, Volume 19) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,19, pp.193-213. Saxena, N. and Pramod, S., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility, Governance-Frauds-Ethics Sustainability.Governance-Frauds-Ethics Sustainability (February 12, 2014). Tricker, R.B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. OUP Oxford. Tricker, R.B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. OUP Oxford. Trong Tuan, L., 2014. Corporate governance and brand performance.Management Research Review,37(1), pp.45-68. Tsui-Auch, L.S., 2012. Converging Divergence in Corporate Governance in Singapore. InThe Convergence of Corporate Governance(pp. 169-186). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wintoki, M.B., Linck, J.S. and Netter, J.M., 2012. Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance.Journal of Financial Economics,105(3), pp.581-606.

The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky

As indicated in the study by Tajmel and Starl (2009), Vygotsky can be considered the leading, most progressive representative, and the greatest supporter of the social constructivism theories and concepts. â€Å"Two important concepts for Vygotsky are thought and language† (Tajmel Starl, 2009, p. 181).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that the child begins to understand the meaning of cultural patterns he/she encounters in the process of using language and thinking about the events that happen around with regard to the language patterns and situations in society. From Vygotsky’s perspectives, the learning and development are reviewed in the context of social learning and can be understood with the help of the language acquisition paradigms. The abbreviation ZPD refers to zone of proximal deve lopment explained by Vygotsky through the relationship between the actual level of development and potential level of development in the process of problem solving based on adult guidance or â€Å"in collaboration with more capable peers† (Tajmel Starl, 2009, p. 181). In other words, the zone of approximate development can be found out when a student is assessed comparing to other students of the same age and similar skills. The main principles of development and learning indicated by Vygotsky include scaffolding, social environments, and collaboration between a teacher and students or guidelines as the method to advance learning. In terms of Vygotsky’s concept, Pinter (2006) claims that all pupil’s learning take place through conversations with social interactions introducing a perfect theory for theme-based learning because the themes suggest social context in which different language patterns occur. Scaffolding is regarded as one of the major roles of a teac her in class with regard to the constructivist theory of education used for language acquisition instruction (Jonassen, 1999).Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the scaffolding is viewed as the method which changes the support level the teacher provides to mentor students. In the lesson plan, interaction patterns clearly illustrate how pupils and teacher work together. Collaboration between students and teacher is regarded as one of the integral parts of educational activity in terms of constructivism theory where a teacher should mentor students in a democratic manner (Jonassen, 1999). Vygotsky (1978) believes that the knowledge is gained through practical implementation of certain theory. In other words, experience is the main way to learn something. This constructivist approach suggest a good background for the theme-based learning activities because students can le arn new concepts (in this case, students acquire a foreign language and learn new vocabulary units and language patterns) through some hypothetical situations. The study by Piaget and Inhelder (1969) also reviews the knowledge acquisition as the practical activity that takes place in specific learning environments. The advantages of pair work and group work were discussed in different studies (Doff, 1988; Martine, n. d.). As such, Doff (1988) claims that more active involvement and higher level of interest are the main advantages of using group work and pair work (p. 140) while Martine (n. d.) lists such advantages as â€Å"more secure and positive classroom atmosphere† and â€Å"increase [of] students’ talking time† (p. 35). At the same time, the role of a teacher in class may shift from guiding and assessing to scaffolding which is the basic role suggested for constructive development learning classes. The impact of such theorists as Vygotsky (1962), Bruner (1 966), Piaget(1967), and Garner(1983) on childhood education is enormous because each of these researchers contributed to understanding of applicable patterns to facilitate and advance effectiveness of learning.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bruner (1966) outlined the basic principles of education where one of the major roles belongs to conceptualisation of objects. In other words, all activities should be conceptualising according to Bruner. In the light of Vygotsky’s concept, Bruner’s model of representation can be considered the one introduced in the lesson plan discussed because action-based learning includes role-playing and games whereas image-based learning includes pictures and visual images; at the same time, the lesson plan uses symbolic/language representation in the activities because lear ners try to associate the words in the foreign language with certain symbols and words in the native language. The concept of scaffolding for lesson plans was discussed by Bruner and other researchers (Wood, Bruner, Ross, 1976). The lesson plan includes basic format and routines whereas warming up activities are regarded as routines because they are essential and cannot be excluded from the plan; at the same time, basic format includes a number of activities that can be either addressed or not during the lesson. Piaget’s perspectives are largely based on the theories by Vygotsky and are similar to those. The study by Sigelman and Rider (2011) focuses on the four stages of cognitive development suggested by Jean Piaget because he saw the cognitive development process as the way people adapt to the social environment. As such, the four stages of development include the following periods and typical tasks children can accomplish: sensorimotor (from birth to approximately 2 yea rs) is characterised by senses in combination with motor actions used by children to learn the world; preoperational (from 2 to 7 years) when symbolic meanings are addressed regardless of lack of logical thinking to build the patterns; concrete operations (from 7 to 11 years) characterised by acquisition of logical operations used for knowledge acquisition and data processing and evaluation with regard to reference to the real world problems and solutions; formal operations (from 11 years to older) when hypothetical and abstract concepts/problems are suggested to be solved (Piaget, 1977; Sigelman Rider, 2011, p. 49). Different levels of development and problems related to their recognition were also reviewed in the studies by Patterson (2008) and Erikson (1968). According to Piaget, pupils in this class are at concrete operational stage. At this stage, children are able to fulfil assignments that are based on concrete instructions as opposed to the abstract tasks where hypothetica l or abstract situations are suggested and abstract solutions should be found to abstract problems. In this respect, the children of 7-11 years old can accomplish the task where every stage is understandable and clear.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criticism of Piaget’s thought includes the ideas about limit of the levels and concepts applied. â€Å"The developmental theory of Jean Piaget has been criticized on the grounds that it is conceptually limited, empirically false, or philosophically and epistemologically untenable† (Lourenco Machado, 1996, p. 143). Nevertheless, Piaget’s thoughts are helpful for teachers to select appropriate tasks and activities for students from different age groups and help them develop certain skills. Gardner’s perspective is largely based on the theories existing before in education though the major contribution of this author is the variety of intelligences that were believed to be developed through experience. Four learning styles listed by Reid (1987) introduce the differences in preferences of learning activities chosen by native speakers and foreign language learners to facilitate the process of choosing the most appropriate activities for the lesson plan. In th e lesson plan, activities are designed in different ways to fit different pupils. Cameron (2001) addressed theme-based teaching and included visualisation as one of the main factors of effective learning. Studies by R. Dunn (1983, 1984) and Reinert (1976) identify the major four learning channels of students. In this respect, the current lesson plan s based on the theories aimed at making the learning more effective. Evaluation As there is not perfect lesson plan, every plan designed with regard to certain theories and aimed to meet the needs of certain categories of students, is sure to have some advantages as well as disadvantages. In this respect, the current lesson plan is designed for students aged 9-11 who acquire foreign language in Taiwan with the help of learning activities created using theme-based learning. Advantages The main advantages of the current lesson plan include variety of materials used by the teacher to foster the discussion in class. Besides, every student ma y be interested in various activities which mean that the same activity for the entire period of the lesson would not be appropriate for the language acquisition class. In this respect, the variety of materials such as various games, description of pictures, story-telling, storybook reading, and role-playing contribute greatly to the effectiveness of comprehension of the taught materials and effective acquisition of the foreign language. The analysis of games may be carried out with regard to appropriateness or inappropriateness of this type f activity to language acquisition lessons. According to the study by Tough (2009), Vygotsky advocated the appropriateness of using playing games because it contributed greatly to the development of children. Pictures can be used in a lesson so that students can describe them using their inner speech patterns first and them applying the inner text into the spoken words (Santrock, 2001). In this respect, the pictures used for learning activities are aimed at serving as preparation models for students to formulate what they want to say with the help of their inner speech and then represent their descriptions of pictures. This can sometimes be difficult for foreign language learners because they may formulate their inner speech in their mother tongue whereas the oral descriptions are made in the foreign language. On the other hand, this activity would help students to use the foreign language for their inner speech as one of the main principles and tools for foreign language acquisition because students are taught to think in foreign language. Storybook reading and role-playing appear to be of special importance for the lessons aimed at mentoring students aged 9-11 years old because children have to be interested in the learning process and take active part in the process. Pictures can motivate learners and bring fun to learning due to the age of participants. Games can bring motivation to young learners as well as bright pic tures used for guiding the learners. In the lesson plan, teacher will introduce a story to the whole class while every pupil may have a specific perception of the characters and events presented in the story. A teacher may ask several comprehension questions from the storybook in order to assess the understanding of the text and the events including the relationship between different objects/concepts outlined in the story. Group work as well as work in pairs can be encourage for pupils because they may feel confused when asked to talk independently but contribute greatly to collective projects. The role-playing may be challenging and encouraging for students at the same time because they are asked to select a role and act it out using specific behavioural patterns typical of the subjects that are chosen for role-playing. As such, different social roles as well as professions, family relations, and other interrelations may be taught with the help of role-playing for foreign language learners. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of this lesson plan based on constructive development theory. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of the current lesson plan is that students mostly use foreign language in class whereas they should have more opportunities in real life environment to apply their knowledge skills in practice. On the other hand, the current lesson plan can be considered a good method to overcome this disadvantage because the teacher may include more different topics related to everyday life into the lesson plans in order to develop students’ knowledge of language units and patterns that can be applied to various situations. To evaluate a language programme, many aspects have to be taken into consideration. If a teacher plans to include student’s evaluation with regard to the results of observations, certain assessment criteria and standards should be previously established. Reflection The current lesson plan seems to be structured in accordance with the theories and principles suggested by such theorist of constructive development models for learning as Vygotsky, Piaget, Bruner, and Gardner. All these researchers contributed greatly to the establishment of specific principles that can be used in class. As such, the lesson plan includes playing as one of the ways to develop a child while inner speech patterns are taken into account in the activities aimed at requiring answers to some questions: Students are asked to answer the question and they start formulating the answers by applying the inner speech patterns to the oral presentation. In this respect, the current lesson plan suggests a set of theme-based learning activities in order to involve the learners into acquisition of language patterns used in different social environments. At the same time, the activity has such disadvantage as the fact that learners do not use foreign language in everyday life when they rather use their mother tongue. Future Plans The future plans for the theme-based learning activities include a number of detailed sets that would reflect the everyday life of learners so that they could associate the topics taught in class with some patterns and concepts encountered at home and while communicating with friends outside the class. In other words, the class activities should aim to reflect the needs and interests, preferences and concerns of students they experience outside the class. As such, feelings and emotions as well as fears and concerns should be addressed during foreign language acquisition classes so that students could communicate effectively in foreign language. In addition, different types of activities should be included in order to cover all types of memory and perception of students. Reference List Bruner, J., 1966. Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Cameron, L., 2006. Picture this: My Lesson. How LAMS is being used with pre-service teachers to develop effecti ve classroom activities. Proceedings of the First International LAMS, pp. 25-34. Available at: https://www.lamsfoundation.org/lams2006/pdfs/Cameron_LAMS06.pdf . Doff, Adrian, 1988. Teach English: a training course for teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunn, R., 1983. Learning style and its relation to exceptionality at both ends of the spectrum. Exceptional Children, 49, pp. 496-506. Dunn, R., 1984. Learning style: state of the scene. Theory into Practice, 23, pp. 10-19. Erikson, E., 1968. Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton. Jonassen, D. H., 1999. Constructing learning environments on the web: Engaging students in meaningful learning. EdTech 99: Educational Technology Conference and Exhibition 1999: Thinking Schools, Learning Nation. Lourenco, O., Machado, A., 1996. In defence of Piaget’s theory: a reply to ten common criticisms. Psychological Review 103 (1), pp. 143–164. Martine, Linda, n. d. The advantages and disadvantages of using small g roup and pair work in the classroom, pp. 35-39. Web. Patterson, C., 2008. Child development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Piaget, J. Inhelder, B., 1969. The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Piaget, J., 1977. Edited by H. E. Gruber J. J. Voneche. The essential Piaget. New York: Basic Books. Reid, J. M., 1987. The learning style preferences of ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 21 (1), pp. 87-111. Reinert, H., 1976. One picture is worth a thousand words? Not necessarily. Modern Language Journal, 60, pp. 160-168. Santrock, J., 2001. A topical approach to life-span development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A., 2011. Life-span human development. 7th ed. London: Cengage Learning. Tajmel, T., Starl, K., eds., 2009. Science education unlimited: approaches to equal opportunities in learning science. Berlin: Waxmann Verlag. Tough, S. P., 2009. Can the right kinds of play teach self-control? New York Times, 2009/09/27 (reviewing the â€Å"Tools of the Mi nd† curriculum based on Vygotsky’s research). Vygotsky, L. S., 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press. Wood, D., Bruner, J., Ross, G., 1976. The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, pp. 89-100. 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World War 2, atomic bomb essays

World War 2, atomic bomb essays On 6 August 1945 the United States exploded an atomic bomb over Hiroshima and revealed to the world in one blinding flash the start of the atomic age. As the meaning of this explosion and the nature of the force unleashed became apparent, a chorus of voices rose in protest against the decision that opened the Pandora's box of atomic warfare. The decision to use the atomic bomb was made by President Truman. There was never any doubt of that and despite the rising tide of criticism Mr. Truman took full responsibility for his action. Only recently succeeded to the Presidency after the death of Roosevelt and beset by a multitude of problems of enormous significance for the postwar world, Mr. Truman leaned heavily on the advice of his senior and most trusted advisers on the question of the bomb. But the final decision was his and his alone. [1] The justification for using the atomic bomb was that it ended the war, or at least ended it sooner and thereby saved countless American-and Japanese-lives. But had it? Had not Japan been defeated and was she not already on the verge of surrender? What circumstances, it was asked, justified the fateful decision that "blasted the web of history and, like the discovery of fire, severed past from present"? [2] The first authoritative explanation of how and why it was decided to use the bomb came in February 1947 from Henry L. Stimson, wartime Secretary of War and the man who more than any other was responsible for advising the President in this matter. [3] This explana- On August 6, 1945, at precisely 8:16 a.m., the first atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima, Japan, just seconds after leaving the Enola Gay. It carried with it the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT. Everything within four square miles was desolated. On August 9, 1945, the second atomic bomb exploded at approximately 11:01 a.m. in Nagasaki, Japan, after being dropped from the B-29 Bockscar. This bomb contained the equivalent...

Explain the processes involved in a space shuttles flight path Essay

Explain the processes involved in a space shuttles flight path - Essay Example The paper is aimed to present and focus on the Space Shuttle flight path which is considered as the stages of the flight missions of the craft. The Space Shuttle flight path is composed of different stages. The first stage is taking off which can be compared to a rocket. The second stage is orbiting like a satellite. The last stage then is going back to Earth and landing like a glider. These routine flights are important for different purposes such as maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station. Other missions are also related to military, scientific and commercial purposes (Barrett, 1985; Dwiggins, 1985). The main system is officially referred to as Space Transportation System (STS). It is composed of the shuttle, the launch boosters and other components. The flight path of the Space Shuttle is composed of the launch, the SRB separation, fuel tank separation, orbit, retrofire, entry, approach and landing. These stages of the flight path are enabled by the different components such as the solid rocket boosters (SRB), the external fuel tank (ET), the orbiter or the shuttle itself and the three main engines integral to the orbiter (Barrett, 1985; Dwiggins, 1985; Freudenrich, 2001). The typical routine flight path of the Space shuttle starts with getting into orbit which is composed of the launch the ascent and the orbital maneuvering burn. The said stage is followed by the orbit phase when the main objectives of the mission are undertaken such as repair and maintenance of the different spacecrafts in orbit and the delivery of crews and supplies needed. After a few days to a maximum of 14 days in orbit, the Space Shuttle will re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere again. Landing is the last stage of the mission wherein the aircraft requires the glider-like capability to be able to stay intact (Freudenrich, 2001). Launching a Space Shuttle can be considered as one of the most challenging

Persuasive synthesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Persuasive synthesis - Research Paper Example Other issues contributing to the worsening of cancer’s challenges encompass gender and unstable economic statuses mostly affecting the ailing besides close people. This is especially in the developing states or in regions where culture esteems the male gender to the extent of some experiencing fecal embarrassment when undergoing medical checkups (Consedine et al E410). Unstable economic statuses mainly characterize the developing states whereby numerous states are unable to avail necessary cancer awareness facilities to the natives (Ryder et al 3627). Hence, this leads to severe suffering to the citizens who to some point few cite to have attended cancer screening tests, for instance, women’s Pap smear test (Agunwah et al 364). This is because of utter ignorance that augments cancer severity among numerous citizens though limited by both their individual and states’ unstable economies (Ryder et al 3627). Scholarly studies contacted so far cite ignorance (knowledg e deficits) as one of the challenges hindering effective management of cancer (Van der Rijt et al 1370). Hence, this poses a formidable challenge to the patients, professionals and caregivers whereby the latter two ends up not being of any help to the victims despite their will to offer required assistance (Van der Rijt et al 1371). ... This is because of the latter’s knowledge deficit regarding pain assessment, which could have been leant early via multidisciplinary studies (Van der Rijt et al 1370). Hence, in turn fail to educate patients on how to manage their varied cancer predicaments, which results to painful experiences while away from their respective medical institutions. This is because at home neither the patient nor the caregivers know exactly what to do in alleviating or assessing pain that will alert them to seek timely medical intervention (Van der Rijt et al 1375). According to Van der Rijt et al study, multidisciplinary interventions considerably reduce pain. However, respective authorities ought to ensure adequate imparting of the medical practitioners with this knowledge. Since, they will also inform caregivers who will accordingly apply the knowhow while handling their ailing relatives in the absence of medical personnel. Inadequate level of education is also another aspect worsening ignor ance especially in the developing states, for instance, Enugu in Nigeria (Agunwah et al 362). This is especially among the female gender where most of them due to illiteracy do not see the essence of going for Pap smear tests. Hence, contribute to high mortality rates because only 4.2% of the women’s population in this region contends to have attended cancer screening tests in their lifetime (Agunwah et al 361). However, this percentage does not indicate the attending consistency, which one ought to keep on cancer screening at certain intervals. This leads to people who have gotten cancer resurfacing when the condition is at an advanced stage, whereby the available services for them only work to prolong their lives, but not to prevent or cure the malady (Agunwah

Financial Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Econometrics - Essay Example ables fall into 3 general classes, namely: location statistics (eg, mean, median, mode, quantiles), dispersion statistics (eg, variance, standard deviation, range, interquartile range), and shape statistics (eg, skewness, kurtosis)†.The descriptive statistics gives the overall description of the data by providing the measures of central tendency, and the measures of dispersion. statistics. According to Petty( 2015) â€Å"A logarithmic price scale is plotted so that the prices in the scale are not positioned equidistantly; instead, the scale is plotted in such a way that two equal percent changes are plotted as the same vertical distance on the scale. The log returns basically is auto – correlated while the case is different with log prices. The log return are usually preferred in quantitative analysis as it gives a better insights in to aspects like normalization and classical statistics. Here the data stream for the 20-year period of January 1995 to December 2014 is used to calculate the log price and log return. Also a graph representation for the log price and the log returns is formulated in order to deliver a quantitative analysis of the specific data of the company. Here, histogram is used to represent the graph of the statistical data in a visual form The above analysis explains the descriptive statistics of the log prices and the log return of the data. From the log return, we can observe that the mean value of log return is 5.740008, with a standard deviation of 8.558659. The mean of log prices is 334.934 with the standard deviation of 0.024659. The skewnes of the variable log return is equal to 0.2427 which is a negative value implying that the value of the log return is negatively skewed. The value of kurtosis of the log return is equal to -1.02302 which is a negative value. This implies that the data of log return has a low distributed or low peaked about the mean. The skewnes of the variable log price is equal to -0.785038 which is a negative value